-It is use and study of valid reasoning.
-A proper or reasonable way of thinking about understanding something.
-Is a branch of philosophy that concerns analysis of inference and arguments.
- An inference involves forming a conclusion that is based on some evidence.
- An argument consists of a conclusion and its supportive evidenced.
A theory may be developed through:
1. Deduction
2. Induction
3. Retroduction
DEDUCTION
- "top-down" approach
- A process of gaining knowledge.
- It happens when a researcher works from the more general information to the more specific.
- Considered to reserve truth.
Valid and Sound Deductive Argument
Premise 1: All men are mortal
Premise 2: Socrates is a man
Conclusion: Socrates is mortal
Premise 1: Every day, I leave for work in my car at eight o'clock.
Premise 2: Every day, the drive to work takes 45 minutes. I arrive to work on time.
Conclusion: Every day, Therefore, If I leave for work at eight o’clock today, I will be on time
- No new information provides. It only rearranges information what is already known into a new statement or conclusion.
- An important point to consider is that for a deductive argument to be sound, its premises should be true and whole argument should be valid.
Valid and Unsound Deductive Argument
Premise 1: The tennis ball is larger than the basketball.
Premise 2: The basketball is larger than the golf ball.
Conclusion: Therefore the tennis ball is larger than the golf ball.
Premise 1: All men are mortal.
Premise 2: Birds are men
Conclusion: Therefore, birds are mortal.
Premise 1: All cat have six legs.
Premise 2: A tiger is a cat.
Conclusion: Therefore, a tiger has six legs.
- For it to be unsound, at least one of its premises should be false
Premise 1: All victims of abuse have low self-esteem.
Premise 2: Clowen has low self-esteem.
Conclusion: Therefore Clowen is a victim of abuse.
Invalid and Unsound Deductive Argument
Premise 1: All victims of abuse have low self-esteem.
Premise 2: Clowen has a low self-esteem.
Conclusion: Therefore, Clowen is a victim of abuse.
Premise 1: Some teachers are musicians.
Premise 2: All instructors are teachers.
Conclusion: Therefore, all instructors are musicians.
Nursing Theories under Deductive Reasoning
- MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE- The Conservation Theory
- MARTHA E. ROGERS- Unitary Human Beings
- SISTER CALLISTA ROY- Adaptation Model
- DOROTHEA OREM- Self Care Deficit Theory of Nursing
- BETTY NEUMAN- Systems Model
- DOROTHY JOHNSON- Behavioral System Model
INDUCTION
- "Bottom-up" approach.
- A form of logical reasoning in which a generalized is induced from a number of specific, observed instances.
Premise 1: Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00am and is on time.
Conclusion: Jennifer will always be on time if she will leaves at 7:00am.
Premise 1: All observed women in one area wear heels.
Conclusion: All women must wear heels.
Premise 1: Victims of abuse who have been observed have low self esteem.
Conclusion: All victims of abused have low self esteem.
- Allows conclusion to be false.
- The conclusion states a generalization that extends beyond the observations.
- Is viewed in terms of degrees of strength and probability that the premises lead to a given conclusion.
Nursing Theories under Deductive Reasoning
- FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE- Environmental Theory
- AFAF IBHAHIM MELEIS- Transition Theory
- NOLA J. PENDER- Health Promotion Theory
RETRODUCTION
- Abductive Reasoning
- It is the reasoning process that starts from a set of facts and derived their most likely explanations.
Nursing Theories under Deductive Reasoning
- HELEN ERICKSON
- MARY ANN P. SWAIN Modeling and Role-Modeling
- EVELYN T. TOMLIN
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