Wednesday, June 18, 2014

Chapter 2: “Significance of Theory for Nursing as a Discipline and Profession “

Nursing Theoretical Works represents
The most comprehensive ideas
And systematic knowledge about nursing;
Therefore theory is vital to both
The discipline and the profession.

Discipline is specific to academia and a branch of education, a department of learning or field of knowledge.
Profession refers to specialized field of practice, which is founded upon the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of that discipline and the accompanying practice abilities. 

Significance of theory for nursing as a discipline

1.       University baccalaureate programs proliferated, masters programs in nursing were developed, and the curricula began to be standardized through the accreditation process.
2.       Attention to the importance of nursing conceptualizations for the research process and the role of a conceptual framework in the purpose and design of research production of science and nursing theoretical works also began to publish.
3.       Works began to be recognize for their theoretical nature, such as Henderson, Nightingale and etc.
4.       KEYNOTE ADDRESS, New nursing doctoral programs were beginning to open and they reopened the discussion of the nature of nursing science. This becomes the first classic reference for nursing as discipline and for distinguishing between the discipline and profession.
5.        Fawcett’s conceptualization of metaparadigm of nursing and unifying conceptual-theoretical structure of knowledge recognize works of major nursing theorist as conceptual framework and paradigms of nursing.
6.       MAJOR SIGNIFICANCE IS;THE DISCIPLINE IS DEPENDENT UPON THEORY
6.1. Theoretical works have taken nursing to a higher level.
6.2. The emphasis has shifted from a focus on knowledge about how nurses function, which concentrated on the nursing process, to focus on what  nurses know and how they use knowledge to guide their thinking and decision making while concentrating on the patient. 

Significance of theory for nursing as a profession

Clearly, nursing is recognize as a profession today.
1.       Bixler and Bixler published a set of criteria tailored to nursing in the American Journal of Nursing in 1959. They stated that a profession:
a.       Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of specialized knowledge that is on the intellectual level of the higher learning.
b.      Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service by the use of the scientific method.
c.       Entrusts the education of its practitioners to institution of higher education.
d.      Applies its body of knowledge in practical services that are vital to human and social welfare.
e.      Functions autonomously in the formulation of professional policy and in the control of professional activity thereby.
f.        Attracts individuals of intellectual and personal qualities who exalt service above personal gain and who recognizes their chosen occupation as a life work.
g.       Strives to compensate its practitioners by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth and economic security.
These criteria have historical value because they provide an understanding of the developmental path the nursing followed.
2.       Nursing theory is a useful tool for reasoning, critical thinking, and decision making in nursing practice.
3.       Nursing theoretical works provide a perspective of the patient.
4.       Nursing theory provides more direction for nursing practice.
5.       The conceptual models of nursing are comprehensive and the reader to the specifics of the practice.
6.       Middle range theories contain the specifics of nursing practice.  

NURSING THEORETICAL WORKS;
Philosophies
·         Florence Nightingale: Patient-Environment Interaction
·         Ernestine Wiedenbach: Art of Nursing
·         Virginia Henderson: The 14 Basic Human Needs
·         Faye Glenn Abdella: The 21 Nursing Problems
·         Lydia E. Hall: Care, Core and Cure Theory
Conceptual Models and Grand Theories
·         Dorothea E. Orem: Self-care Deficit Theory
·         Myra Estrin Levine: Wrote the “Introduction to Clinical Nursing”
·         Martha Rogers: Key Concepts of Science of Unitary Human Being, and Principles of Hemodynamic
·         Dorothy E. Johnson: Behavioral System Model
·         Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model
·         Betty Neuman: Neumans System Model
·         Imogene King: Goal Attainment Theory
Theories and Middle-Range Nursing Theories
·         Hildegard E. Peplau: Interpersonal Relation in Nursing
·         Ida Jean Orlando: Dynamic-Nurse Relationship
·         Joyce Travelbee: Human to Human Relationship and ETC!


Book Reference:
Nursing Theorist and Their Work by Ann Marriner Tomey and Martha Raile Alligood, 5th Edition

PowerPointCopy:
http://www.slideshare.net/JaypeeSidon/chapter-2-significance-of-nursing-theory-as-a-discipline-and-profession

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